宋代科举

conjunction between institution and society..emphasis will be upon the social functions of the examination system and people's perceptions of it, and esp. how those changed during the 3 century span of the Sung.

The executory and administrative classes of the civil and military services were known collectively as 四選 (p21)

socially...very important, for they conferred official status with its attendant benefits upon many who would never have passed the regular examination.

the majority of students entered through routes open to non-officials,... privileged entry continued to exist...The most common: 補试... ...a remarkable and highly visible group in 开封 and, later, in 临安... ...also received certain material benefits...<原文开始>

associated with the examiniations both through their education (curriculum), and through their personnel, who managed much of the examination preparation.

Even as the examinations were becoming more popular they were becoming less important bureaucratically.(p.41)

for Sung elite society was quite mobile...Not only were officials...開封 acted as a magnet to literati.

through the appointment of preceptors(教授)...the first occasion on which the Sung government appointed regular, executory class officials as teachers at local schools...making the local schools more than jusst occasionally functioning institutions.

Thus numerically at least, the northern refugee impact upon 南宋 examinations appears to have been minimal.(p.96)

(晚唐至閩王國)sustained immigration, become an important agricultural region...泉州, emerged as a major center of overseas trade